
By Theresa Poulson
Modern restrictions on influence-peddling would certainly be a challenge for pioneer lobbyist Sam Ward. The late-19th-century Washington insider, known for his savoir-faire and lavish dinners, is the subject of a new biography by Kathryn Allamong Jacob: King of the Lobby: The Life and Times of Sam Ward, Man-About-Washington in the Gilded Age. Jacob, a curator of manuscripts at the Schlesinger Library at Harvard University's Radcliffe Institute, recently sat down with National Journal to talk about Ward. Edited excerpts follow.
Read an excerpt from Jacob's book, King of the Lobby.
NJ: How was the climate for lobbyists during the late 19th century -- a time of expansion for the federal government -- similar to that of today?
Jacob: Well I think the spotlight that the health care debate and the new Supreme Court ruling about contributions have made people think about lobbying once again, made people worry about the roles of lobbyists and are special interests overwhelming the people's interests. And that's very reminiscent of the press and concerns in the 1870s....The language we hear on television and on radio talk shows can be pretty inflammatory and the political cartoons can be pretty nasty now, but they pale in comparison to the invective in newspapers focused on lobbyists [at the time].
NJ: What made Sam Ward different from other lobbyists?
Jacob: What set Sam apart from other lobbyists is his systematic use of entertaining and dinners as his primary means of lobbying, bringing people together often in his home or in a small restaurant over excellent food and very good wine and a scripted conversation. He put a lot of thought into how the evening would unfold. And using entertainment in that way really is something very different. And eventually reporters referred to it as the "social lobby" and I think Sam is really the first of the social lobbyists. He's the first to use it in that kind of way....There's plenty of evidence that lobbyists bribed members of Congress with railroad passes and just with cash, with stock certificates. There's no evidence that Sam did anything like that. He really relied on developing good will. He put a lot of stock in face-to-face conversation and in discussions so that a client welcomed the opportunity to convey his side of an issue over dinner and over wine and in an evening that unfolded slowly and was very civil, very gracious.
NJ: In 1875, Sam Ward had to testify before the House Ways and Means Committee in reference to an investigation of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. Tell me about how he defended his lobbying practices.
Jacob: It's one of few times I've ever seen in the old Congressional record the term "laughter" in brackets inserted in the record by the stenographer.... Most of the [lobbyists] that testified just sweated through their testimony. They were really in a panic about this, and some of them, perhaps, with good reason. But Sam marched in, reporters referred to it as a "regal tread," he marched in, he looked fabulous. He always had impeccably tailored suits, he had on his sapphire ring, which was quite big and dramatic and he stood at the end of the table and launched into a defense of lobbying that is really quite remarkable....One member toward the end of his testimony says, "Do I understand correctly that you spend a great deal of money on dinners?" And Sam acknowledges that yes, he does. And [the member] says, "Well isn't that a waste of money?" And even on the page you can feel Sam bristle. He's very offended by this and he informs the congressman, the House member, that absolutely not, that a man who dines well sleeps like a saint and the man who dines badly has nightmares, or something like this.
And it's wonderful. It's very witty. It's perfectly composed but he's speaking entirely off the cuff. And he goes on for at least a half-hour off the cuff. And clearly the members who were listening were entertained and the reporters who were there, they all cover it. It's in all of the newspapers. He's already known as the King of the Lobby and it really spreads his fame all around the country.
NJ: What do you think that he would say today about the restrictions that have been placed on lobbying?
Jacob: I think he would be bewildered and indignant. To Sam, the most genteel and gracious and above-board way of doing things was his way: of having dinner and talking. Creating an opportunity for men -- and it was almost exclusively men -- for men to talk together and understand one another and understand the different sides of an issue. I think he would be baffled by the idea that there could be something wrong with that.
NJ: Given the fact that he was very candid about the cost of his dinners and his guest lists, he would likely be OK with disclosure rules, don't you think?
Jacob: I do. He was very transparent about what he did, and I don't he would object to being forced to be transparent about what he did. He's operating before there's any real attempt to get lobbyists to register or to rein them in, but it's not too many years after he steps away from the scene that that begins. Not very successfully, but it starts in the last half of the nineteenth century.
NJ: What do lobbyists today owe to him?
Jacob: I think whenever they get together with clients, with clients and constituents in a social way, I think you can find evidence of Sam there in the fact that dinner parties are still a way of communicating, a way of increasing bipartisanship.In some ways, the 1870s was a bitterly partisan age, but there were notable friendships across party, and I think Sam, who had a great talent for friendship and had friends on both sides, really felt it very important to foster that. So to the extent that there are efforts to bipartisanship, efforts to remain civil, I think there is evidence of Sam. And to the continuing importance of the social lobby: If it wasn't important, nobody would find it necessary to try to rein it in each time they look at lobbying and tighten the rules on entertaining and dinners and receptions.
NJ: If Sam Ward could give lobbyists today one piece of advice to lobbyists of today, what do you think it would be?
Jacob: Eat well.
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I think what Kathryn was getting at was that the social lobby is and was often over looked; however, powerful. The simple reason is that it's easier to lobby for something when the elected person has been elected by constituents who are already either on board with your goals or will even help champion them. For example, the current oil crisis in the gulf is affecting many independent drillers on the gulf coast. Many of these independents form the backbone of local economies. Therefore, even though they are experience a crisis right now in the form a public company mishap, it is still important for them to make efforts at good will and lobby the local and federal government to make sure they take their issues into consideration when they surely go to create new regualations that will cost the independents money.
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